Apparatus and method for reinforcing a pressure vessel

ABSTRACT

Pressure vessel end dome reinforcements are placed upon resin impregnated fiber wound pressure vessels to improve the strength to weight ratio of high performance pressure vessels, such as those that are used as rocket motors, gas generators, and the like. The reinforcement structures are assembled from gore pieces to form gore bodies over dome regions of the pressure vessels.

RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/227,176 filed in the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office on Aug. 22, 2001, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

GOVERNMENT LICENSE RIGHTS

[0002] The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of contract no. FO4611-97-C-0053 awarded by the U.S. Air Force.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] 1. Field of the Invention

[0004] The present invention relates to pressure vessels and, more specifically, to apparatus and methods for reinforcing pressure vessels. Examples of such pressure vessels include rocket motors, gas generators, and the like.

[0005] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0006] It is desirable in the design and construction of certain pressure vessels, for example, high performance pressure vessels for rocketry or gas generator applications, to effectively reduce or minimize the inert mass of the vessel while maintaining or enhancing its strength and reliability. It also has been desirable to do so while containing or reducing the cost of such vessels.

[0007] Many pressure vessel designs include one or more doubly-curved surfaces, for example, such as those associated with integrally formed end domes. These doubly curved surfaces may assume a number of different specific geometries or geometric cross sections. Pressure vessels used as motor casings for rocket motors, for example, typically include a cylindrical section, a domed fore section or domed fore and aft sections, and a doubly curved transition or mating section disposed between the cylindrical section and the domed section or sections. Other vessel designs also include such doubly curved surfaces, for example, such as spheres, ellipsoids, and the like.

[0008] It is generally desirable in pressure vessel design to address weak points in the vessel structure so that the vessel has a predictable, consistent, repeatable failure mode and location. By predetermining this failure mode and location, the designer may ensure that the vessel is constructed such that the operating demand of the vessel will not exceed its strength at this weakest point. In a cylindrical vessel with end domes, for example, the desired failure location often preferably is in the cylindrical section. In more weight-optimized high performance vessels, the failure location may tend to move into the end dome region, for example, due to the stress peaking from bending.

[0009] In many applications, the doubly curved surface is the area, or an area, of the vessel that is most prone to mechanical failure. This can occur for a number of reasons. As a vessel, e.g., a rocket motor, is pressurized, it experiences a number of internal stresses. One such stress is attributable to the outward force exerted from the pressurized fluid in the interior of the vessel. Depending upon the application, another such stress may be the bending moments that are exerted, particularly at the doubly curved surface, associated with relatively opposed or non-cooperating forces exerted on the components of the vessel. The stress peak may be especially severe at the junction between the doubly curved surface and a non-doubly curved surface, for example, such as the junction between a hemispherical end dome and a cylindrical wall. The vessel design ideally is such that it can accommodate these bending stresses at their peak.

[0010] Pressure vessels may be made in a number of different ways. A typical manufacturing technique used to produce solid fuel rocket motors, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,262 involves the use of helically wound fiber-based composites. A material made of a high strength, continuous reinforcing filament, such as graphite or aramid fiber, for example, is impregnated with a compatible resin for hardening. The filament is wound around a mandrel, the resin is set or hardened, and the mandrel is withdrawn from the casing. The fibrous material is stabilized on the mandrel by winding around pegs in the mandrel that define holes in the fibrous material. The angle between the axis of the fiber and the longitudinal axis of the casing typically is kept as small as possible to cause forces applied to the fibers to be substantially longitudinal tensile forces. The motor shell is subsequently filled with an insulating layer, a binding layer, and a solid fuel. The filament may be woven into strips or deposited as tow. According to U.S. Pat. No. 5,348,603 to Yorgasen, for example, similar manufacturing processes may be used to wind a motor casing that is inserted into a metal shell and expanded through use of a bladder in the mandrel prior to hardening of the resin. The casing adheres to the inside of the metal shell.

[0011] In view of the design approaches used in constructing pressure vessels and the tendency for mechanical failure associated with the doubly curved surface in high performance lightweight vessel applications, it is often desirable to strengthen this doubly curved surface. One approach to providing such added strength is to reinforce that portion of the vessel by applying a reinforcing structure or material at the exterior of the vessel. A reinforcing structure, for example, may be placed over the doubly curved surface and end dome. To provide a specific example, a filament wound helical layer could be placed over the doubly curved surface, e.g., over the end dome and transition section of a cylindrical vessel with dome, to serve as a reinforcing structure. These reinforcing structures normally would be placed upon a pressure vessel after the initial vessel has been formed, e.g., by helical winding on the mandrel. The portion or portions of the reinforcing structure that are not required for vessel reinforcement then can be removed to limit the added weight penalties created by this approach.

[0012] This approach is generally limited or disadvantageous, for example, in that it tends to be labor intensive. It also can add unnecessarily to the cost of the reinforced vessel, for example, in that the reinforcing material, which often involves considerable expense, typically is discarded and cannot readily be reused. This approach also can be limited or disadvantageous, for example, in that in that, as noted above, the weight of the vessel often is increased unnecessarily, especially where filament winding is used as the reinforcing material. Filament winding also can result in increased thickness at or the around the polar openings of the vessel, where present, for cylindrical vessels.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

[0013] Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a pressure vessel and related apparatus and methods wherein the pressure vessel can withstand relatively high stresses relative to its mass.

[0014] Another object of the invention is to provide a pressure vessel and related apparatus and methods that achieve the foregoing objects with relative cost effectiveness.

[0015] Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description that follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations pointed out in the appended claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0016] A pressure vessel and associated methodology are provided to achieve the foregoing objects, and in accordance with the purposes of the invention as embodied and broadly described in this document.

[0017] The vessel includes a vessel body having a doubly curved surface disposed about a vessel body axis. A reinforcing structure is disposed at the doubly curved surface of the vessel body about the vessel body axis. The reinforcing structure comprises a plurality of gore pieces disposed on the vessel body at the doubly curved surface to form a gore body. Each of the gore pieces comprises a composite sheet having a shape that conforms to the doubly curved surface. The gore pieces are disposed on the doubly curved surface in overlapping relation.

[0018] Each of the gore pieces preferably comprises a fiber-resin pre-pregnated composite material. The resin serves as a bonding material that bonds the gore pieces to one another. Each of the gore pieces preferably has a gore piece longitudinal dimension and comprises fibers oriented in a plus/minus configuration relative to the gore piece longitudinal dimension. The fibers in the plus/minus configuration of each of the gore pieces are preferably oriented at a fiber angle of between about 30 degrees and 60 degrees, and more preferably about 45 degrees, with respect to the gore piece longitudinal axis. The gore pieces are any sheet or partial sheet of material that tapers in a direction, such as a triangular, truncated triangular or rhombic shape, and these are preferably assembled in overlapping relationship to one another as a single layer in a flattened “Z” configuration or multiple layers where the gore pieces of each layer abut at their meridional edges. Where there are multiple layers, additional fiber or tow may be wound to separate each layer or, alternatively, the layers are adjacent and contact one another. In any manner of placement, it is preferred that the gore pieces overlap one another by about 40 to 60 percent, and most preferably by about 50 percent, to provide the gore body with a substantially uniform thickness.

[0019] The vessel has an axis of symmetry and each of the gore pieces also has an axis of symmetry. The longitudinal axis of each gore piece curves, but an individual gore piece may be rotated for viewing as a straight line. From this perspective, in some embodiments, it is preferred to have the gore piece longitudinal axis aligned with the axis of symmetry in the vessel. In other embodiments, especially where the gore pieces may be placed by machine, it is expedient is due to machine winding techniques to preferably offset the gore piece longitudinal axis with respect to the vessel axis of symmetry. In this latter case, the offset angle is preferably less than or equal to about plus or minus twenty degrees and is more preferably between plus or minus fifteen degrees. A more preferred orientation of the gore piece deviates from the axis of symmetry by no more than ten degrees, a deviation of five degrees or less is most preferred, and a deviation of zero degrees is most preferred.

[0020] In another embodiment, the vessel reinforcing structure may be assembled independently of the pressure vessel itself for later assembly and coupling with the vessel. In the intended environment of use, the pressure vessel has a doubly curved surface and presents a vessel body axis vessel for a vessel having a vessel body with a doubly curved surface. As described above, the vessel reinforcing structure comprises a plurality of gore pieces that are shaped to conform to the doubly curved surface of the vessel body about the vessel body longitudinal axis and to form a gore body. Each of the gore pieces comprises a composite sheet and is bound with resin in the assembled vessel reinforcing structure.

[0021] Another embodiment relates to a method for making a reinforcing structure for a vessel having a vessel body with a doubly curved surface. The method steps entail making a plurality of gore pieces for disposition on the vessel body at the doubly curved surface about the vessel body axis to form a gore body. The gore pieces are each disposed as a composite sheet. The gore pieces each have a gore piece longitudinal dimension and each of the gore pieces comprise fibers oriented in a plus/minus configuration relative to the gore piece longitudinal dimension.

[0022] Preferred aspects of the method include orienting the fibers in the plus/minus configuration of each of the gore pieces at a fiber angle of between about 30 degrees and 60 degrees with respect to the gore piece longitudinal axis, and the most preferred orientation is forty-five degrees. The gore pieces are preferably formed in a substantially triangular or rhombic shape. A bonding material, such as a synthetic resin, is placed on each of the gore pieces, which are assembled in overlapping relation to one another.

[0023] The gore pieces can be assembled by a variety of techniques to place them in overlapping relation to one another. According to one method of disposition, which is most preferred, a first layer gore pieces substantially abut one another at their respective meridional edges around the doubly curved surface, and a second layer gore pieces are disposed over the first layer gore pieces and around the doubly curved surface so that each of the second layer gore pieces overlaps at least two of the first layer gore pieces by about 40 to 60 percent. The most preferred extent of overlap is about 50 percent. An alternative method of overlapping the gore pieces is to assemble them as a single layer where the adjacent pieces overlap one another in a flattened “Z” configuration. The extent of overlap between adjacent pieces is preferably from 40 to 60 percent, and is more preferably about 50 percent. Either method of disposition preferably results in the gore body having a substantially uniform thickness.

[0024] Another aspect of this method of making the vessel reinforcing structure is to assemble the vessel reinforcing structure apart from the pressure vessel, as opposed to assembly on the vessel. The gore body may be assembled using the gore prices and resin, and the assembly may be placed on a pressure vessel prior to hardening of the resin. Alternatively, the resin may be allowed to harden and may be adhered to the pressure vessel using additional resin at the time of assembly.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate a presently preferred embodiments and methods of the invention and, together with the general description given above and the detailed description of the preferred embodiments and methods given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

[0026]FIG. 1. shows a perspective elevational view of a vessel according to a presently preferred embodiment of one aspect of the invention;

[0027]FIG. 2 shows a side view of the vessel shown in FIG. 1;

[0028]FIG. 3 shows an end view of the vessel shown in FIG. 1 viewed from the forward end, and includes a plurality of gore pieces applied to a vessel body;

[0029]FIG. 4 shows a gore piece according to the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1, wherein the gore piece has a triangular shape;

[0030]FIG. 5 shows a gore piece according to the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1, wherein the gore piece has a rhombic shape;

[0031]FIG. 6 shows a cutaway longitudinal midsectional view of the vessel shown in FIG. 1, and illustrates a first approach to positioning the gore pieces on the vessel body to make up the gore body;

[0032]FIG. 7 shows a cutaway longitudinal midsectional view of the vessel shown in FIG. 1, and illustrates a second approach to positioning the gore pieces on the vessel body to make up the gore body;

[0033]FIG. 8 shows an isolated one of the gore pieces removed from the gore body of FIG. 3 to include imaginary geometric features or mathematical constructions including a line of alignment, a gore piece longitudinal axis, tangents, and a perpendicular plane, where these imaginary features are useful in defining an orientation of the gore piece relative to an axis of symmetry in the gore body;

[0034]FIG. 9 depicts the perpendicular plane of FIG. 8 rotated for viewing as a straight line having an angular orientation relative to the axis of symmetry in the gore body; and

[0035]FIG. 10 shows a substantially spherical vessel with attached gore body according to another preferred embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS AND METHODS

[0036] Reference will now be made in detail to the presently preferred embodiments and methods of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters designate like or corresponding parts throughout the drawings. It should be noted, however, that the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details, representative devices and methods, and illustrative examples shown and described in this section in connection with the preferred embodiments and methods. The invention according to its various aspects is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the attached claims read in view of this specification, and appropriate equivalents.

[0037] In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a vessel is provided that includes a vessel body having a doubly curved surface. The vessel body is disposed about a vessel body axis. The vessel according to this aspect of the invention may take a number of forms. It may, for example, comprise a substantially cylindrical apparatus with a domed end at one or both longitudinal ends of the cylinder, and with a doubly curved surface disposed between the cylinder and the domed end to provide a transition from the cylinder to the dome end, and to mate the two. The vessel also may comprise a spherical body, or other shape.

[0038] In accordance with a presently preferred but merely illustrative embodiment of this aspect of the invention, a vessel 100 in the form of a solid fuel rocket motor casing is shown in FIGS. 1-3. Vessel 100 includes a vessel body 102 having an outer surface 103 formed of helically wound tow. Vessel body 102 in turn comprises a cylindrical section 104 symmetrically disposed about a vessel axis 105. A domed end section or dome 106 is disposed at a forward end 108 of cylindrical section 104. A doubly curved surface 110 is disposed between cylindrical section 104 and dome 106. In this embodiment, vessel body 102 further includes a domed end section or dome 112 disposed at an aft end 114 of cylindrical section 104, essentially identical to dome 106, and a doubly curved surface 116 disposed between cylindrical section 104 and dome 112. For purposes of illustration, it may be assumed that a cylinder body end plane 120 perpendicular to vessel axis 105 lies at the intersection of cylindrical section 104 and doubly curved section 110 at forward end 108, and a cylinder body end plane 122 perpendicular to vessel axis 105 lies at the intersection of cylindrical section 104 and doubly curved section 116 at aft end 114. The respective domes 106 and 112 extend onto the cylindrical section 104 a sufficient distance to overlap the corresponding areas 124 ands 126, which represent the location of peak stress when the vessel 102 is loaded to its design capacity.

[0039] Vessel 102, excluding the end domes 106 and 112, is constructed of a filament wound and resin impregnated composite material, for example, according to the manufacturing procedures and design information set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,262. In contrast to the '262 patent, it is preferred that the filament or tow is helically wound in a conventional manner to impart a longitudinal orientation in the fiber relative to the longitudinal axis 105 such that the angle θ corresponding to the axial orientation of the fibers 136 ranges from ten degrees to forty degrees. As is known in the art, the vessel 102 is constructed of many such overlapping layers where successive layers may change the angular orientation of their fibers and preferably differ by 90 degrees from the angular orientation of the prior layer.

[0040] Further in accordance with this aspect of the invention, the vessel also includes a reinforcing structure disposed at the doubly curved surface of the vessel body about the vessel body axis. The reinforcing structure according to this aspect of the invention comprises a plurality of gore pieces disposed on the vessel body at the doubly curved surface to form a gore body.

[0041] Each of the end domes 106 and 112 is preferably a gore body that is formed of a plurality of assembled gore pieces, such as gore pieces 128, 130, and 132. All of the gore pieces preferably taper towards the longitudinal axis 105. Each dome structure is preferably formed of from twenty to fifty gore pieces, with twenty to thirty gore pieces being most preferred. Each gore piece has a base, e.g., base 134, which most preferably occupies from five to ten percent of the circumference of vessel 102.

[0042] In accordance with a related aspect of the invention, a method is provided for making a reinforcing structure for a vessel having a vessel body with a doubly curved surface, wherein the vessel body is disposed about a vessel body axis. The method comprises making a plurality of gore pieces for disposition on the vessel body at the doubly curved surface about the vessel body axis to form a gore body. Although this method and the aforementioned preferred embodiment are related, and a preferred version of the method will be described below with regard to the preferred embodiment for ease of illustration, the method is not necessarily limited to that embodiment, and may be practiced using alternative structures and approaches.

[0043] In the preferred embodiment and method, each of the gore pieces comprises a composite sheet having a shape that conforms to the doubly curved surface. The gore pieces preferably comprise a fiber composite material that is pre-pregnated with resin. Examples of such fibrous materials include carbon graphite fiber, glass fiber, boron filament, and high modulus organic filaments including nylon, polyethylene, PBO, aramid fibers, and other durable fibers. Especially preferred high modulus organic filaments include poly(benzothiazoles) and poly(aromatic azides). Specific examples of commercially available fiber materials include MYKAR and KEVLAR (a poly(benzamide)) sold by E. I. du Pont Nemours & Co. of Wilmington Delaware, as well as the carbon fibers including Amoco Performance Product's T40, and Toray's T-800H and T-1000G carbon fibers. The resins are selectively mixed to provide sufficient working time, which may require several days for a completed process.

[0044] Suitable resins that are compatible with these fibers are well known in the art. It is especially preferred to utilize a thermally curable resin having a long working life of many hours or even days, such as the chemorheologically tailored matrix resin formulations containing anhydride curing agents as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,770, which is hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as though disclosed herein. These resins are most preferably epoxy resins based upon diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A. Other suitable resins include alicyclic diepoxide carboxylate resins, 1, 4 butanediol glycidyl ether, polyglycol diepoxide resins, bisphenol F/epichlorhydrin epoxy resins, epicholrhydrin/tetraphenol ethane epoxy resins, and other conventional resins. Reactive curing agents are preferably added to include from 1% to 12% by weight of the total resin as an aliphatic, cycloaliphtatic, and aromatic anhydride, such as methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride, nadic methyl anhydride, methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and mixtures thereof.

[0045] The individual gore pieces may take any of a number of shapes, provided that, when applied to the vessel, they conform to the doubly curved surface. Each of the gore pieces, for example, may have a shape that comprises a substantially triangular section 400, an example of which is shown in FIG. 4, or any other shapes that permit overlapping between successive strips of material in a mutually reinforcing manner over a dome, such as the domes 106 and 112 (see FIG. 1).

[0046] To better illustrate the construction of the gore pieces, as depicted in FIG. 4, each gore piece may be assumed to have a gore piece longitudinal dimension 402. When the gore piece is spread out in a two dimensional plane, as shown in FIG. 4, the gore piece longitudinal dimension 402 comprises a longitudinal axis along the gore piece. Because the gore pieces in application typically are curved to conform to the doubly curved surface, the gore piece longitudinal dimension will correspond to the two-dimensional gore piece longitudinal axis, but of course will be curved according to the shape of the doubly curved surface. Preferably, and in the presently preferred embodiments, the gore piece longitudinal dimension where it intersects or lies closest to the cylinder body end planes 120, 122, is nearly perpendicular to cylinder body end planes 120, 122.

[0047] In accordance with the preferred embodiments and methods, each of the gore pieces comprises fibers oriented in a plus/minus configuration relative to the gore piece longitudinal dimension. In addition, again preferably, the fibers (e.g. 404, 406)) in the plus/minus configuration of each of the gore pieces are oriented at a fiber angle λ of between about 30 degrees and 60 degrees with respect to the gore piece longitudinal axis, and more preferably the fiber angle λ is about 45 degrees. The plus/minus orientation can permit the gore piece 400 to stretch in two directions, including a first direction that is parallel to vessel axis 105 and a second direction that is normal to vessel axis 105 without flexing significantly in direct opposition to the fibers forming the helical winding of outer surface 103. This angular offset of the fibers causes them to form small polygons, e.g., polygon 408, which are generally square, rectangular, rhombohedral, etc. in nature. These polygons are deformable under strain in the plus/minus configuration, so long as a tensile loading vector is not aligned in parallel with the fibers, e.g., along filament line 410.

[0048] The reinforcing structure, as noted above, comprises a plurality of gore pieces disposed on the vessel body at the doubly curved surface to form a gore 0O body. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for reinforcing a vessel having a vessel body with a doubly curved surface, and wherein the vessel body is disposed about a vessel body axis. The method includes disposing a plurality of gore pieces on the vessel body at the doubly curved surface about the vessel body axis to form a gore body. A preferred version of this method will now be described with regard to the preferred embodiment of the inventive vessel design to illustrate, although the method is not necessarily limited to the specific embodiment and approach described herein below.

[0049] In the presently preferred embodiments and methods, as shown in FIG. 3, a gore body 300 comprising a plurality of gore pieces 302, 304, 306, each identical to gore piece 400, is provided to cover the doubly curved surfaces 110 and 116. In forming gore body 300 according to the presently preferred embodiments and methods, each of the gore pieces may and preferably does comprise a bonding material, preferably a resin, to bond the gore pieces to one another. The bonding material may be any suitable bonding agent that is compatible with the filaments and suitably bonds them, but which also meets the environmental and operational requirements for the specific application. Examples of suitable bonding materials and filaments are discussed above.

[0050] It is desirable that the bonding material is such that, when applied to or provided with the respective gore pieces, the gore pieces have an appropriate level of tackiness with respect to one another so they grip one another and immobilize one another to facilitate construction of the gore body.

[0051] In the preferred embodiments and methods, the gore pieces are applied in overlapping relation to form the gore body. A number of approaches for accomplishing this are possible. In one such approach, for example, a plurality of gore piece layers are applied, wherein each gore piece layer is non-overlapping with itself, but in which all but a top gore piece layer are covered with an overlapping gore piece layer. For example, the gore body in this example comprises a first layer of gore pieces substantially abutting one another around the doubly curved surface, and a second layer of gore pieces disposed over the first layer of gore pieces and around the doubly curved surface so that each of the second layer gore pieces overlaps at least two of the first layer gore pieces. Each of the gore pieces includes a meridional edge, and preferably each of the first layer gore pieces is positioned to abut an adjacent one of the first layer gore pieces at the meridional edges. In some applications it is preferred that each of the second layer gore pieces overlaps the at least two first layer gore pieces by about 40 to 60 percent, and more preferably by about 50 percent.

[0052] This approach is illustrated in FIG. 6, which shows a midsectional view of s vessel body 102 at doubly curved surface 110, including cross sectional views of the gore pieces 302, 304, and 306 applied to the vessel body 102 to form a gore body 300 as shown in FIG. 3. A first layer 600 including gore pieces 302 and 304 is disposed on vessel body 102 at doubly curved surface 110. Only two such gore pieces, i.e., pieces 302 and 304, are shown in FIG. 6 for simplicity and ease of illustration. In application, however, first layer 600 would comprise gore pieces such as pieces 302 and 304 extending all of the way around doubly curved surface 110, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Each of the gore pieces includes a pair of meridional edges, which for gore piece 302 are identified as edges 602 and 604 and for gore piece 306 are identified as edges 606 and 608. The first layer gore pieces 302 and 306 in this embodiment are positioned on vessel body 102 so that their meridional edges abut one another as shown in the abutment between edges 604 and 606. All of the gore pieces of first layer 600 preferably are disposed in this fashion. It will be appreciated that the width of the gore pieces (e.g., perpendicular to gore piece longitudinal dimension 402 as shown in FIG. 4) should be selected relative to the diameter of doubly curved surface 110 so that substantially no overlap occurs in the first layer 600.

[0053] Continuing with this illustrative approach, a second layer 610 of gore pieces is disposed on the first layer 600 of gore pieces in offset-overlapping relation. Gore piece 304 illustrates the preferred manner in which second gore piece layer 610 is disposed relative to first layer 600. It represents only a single gore piece in this second layer, of course, whereas the second layer in practical application preferably would include gore pieces extending over the entire doubly curved surface 110 and the entire first layer 600 of gore pieces. The gore pieces of second layer 610 preferably are disposed in abutting relation relative to one another, i.e., with their meridional edges (e.g., edge 612) of adjacent gore pieces abutting one another as shown for the first layer 600 at edges 604 and 606. Each gore piece of the second layer, e.g., gore piece 304, is disposed over the first layer gore pieces, e.g., gore pieces 302 and 304, so that it overlaps them. As noted above, this overlap preferably is between about 40 to 60 percent for each second layer gore piece relative to the underlying first layer gore piece. The overlap shown in FIG. 6

[0054] In another approach for disposing the gore pieces to form the gore body, the gore pieces of a given gore piece layer are overlapped. For example, the gore body may comprise a first layer of gore pieces disposed around the doubly curved surface, and sequential ones of the first layer gore pieces overlap one another. In presently preferred embodiments and methods, each of the first layer gore pieces overlaps an adjacent first layer gore piece by about 40 to 60 percent, and more preferably by about 50 percent.

[0055] An illustrative example of this approach is shown in FIG. 7. A first layer 700 of gore pieces comprising sequential gore pieces 302, 304, and 306, is disposed on vessel body 102 at doubly curved surface 110, completely surrounding doubly curved surface. As exemplified by gore piece 302, each of the gore pieces of first layer 700 is disposed essentially in a flattened “Z” configuration wherein a first portion 702 resides at a first level contacting vessel body surface 103 and a second portion 704 is folded over a meridional edge, e.g., edge 706 of gore piece 304. As with gore piece 302, each gore piece then rises to the radially outward surface of the adjacent gore piece, here gore piece 304. This flattened “Z” pattern is repeated with the sequential gore pieces of layer 700 around the entire doubly curved surface 110. The overlap of each gore piece with respect to the adjacent and underlying gore piece, e.g., of gore piece 430 with respect to underlying piece 432, preferably is about 40 to 60 percent, and more preferably, as shown in FIG. 7, is about 50 percent. In the latter instance, the meridional edge (e.g. edge 702) of each underlying gore piece is essentially centered under the overlying gore piece.

[0056] This “Z” layer 700 may be used alone to form gore body 300, or it may be used in conjunction with other or additional gore piece layers to form the gore body. The additional layers may comprise another layer configured as in layer 700, it may be configured as one or both of the layers 600 and 610 of FIG. 6, or have other configurations. It will be appreciated that the configurations of gore pieces as shown and described with respect to FIGS. 6 and 7, although being preferred examples, are merely illustrative of this aspect of the invention, and other configurations or combinations of configurations of the gore pieces to form the gore body may be used.

[0057] In describing the application and configuration of the gore body herein above, attention has been focused on the gore body at forward end 108 of vessel body 102. It will be appreciated, however, that the same design and implementation, or any of the designs and implementations discussed above, may be made at aft end 114 of the vessel body 102.

[0058] Regardless of the approach used in disposing the gore pieces to form the gore body or bodies, it is generally preferable that they be disposed so that the gore body has a substantially uniform thickness.

[0059] It may be desirable in a given application to further secure the gore body to the vessel body. This may be done in a number of ways. For example, a set of hoop windings 200, 202 (see FI. 2) may be used at the peripheral portion of the gore body and around the forward and/or aft ends of cylindrical section 104, or both, to secure the gore body to the vessel body. Such securing means are not necessarily desirable in all applications, but where appropriate, can prevent dislocation or failure of the reinforcing structure.

[0060] It is desirable in many applications to specifically orient the longitudinal axis or dimension 402 of the individual gore pieces relative to the vessel axis 105 so that each of the gore pieces has an offset angle B with respect to these two dimensions. Although a number of angular configurations may be used, a preferred range for the offset angle β is between about +15 degrees and −15 degrees, and preferably the offset angle β should be a maximum of about 20 degrees.

[0061] To illustrate the offset that may be used, as shown in FIG. 8, each of the gore pieces (e.g., gore piece 400) may have an offset angle relative to the axis of symmetry 105 such that a plurality tangents 800, 802, 804, 806, and 808 taken at points 810, 812, 814, and 816 on the longitudinal dimension 402 and normal to surface 818 defines a curved perpendicular plane 820 relative to the plurality of tangents, wherein the perpendicular plane 820 may be for viewing the longitudinal dimension 402 as a straight line from a perspective that is normal to any one of the tangents 800-808. When the perspective is so rotated, as shown in FIG. 9, the longitudinal dimension 402 is offset from the longitudinal axis 105 by the angle β, as described above.

[0062] It is an especially preferred aspect that the orientations of any of the angles β, λ, and θ can be adjusted individually or in combination to place the fibers 136 (see FIG. 1) in substantially parallel alignment with the fibers 406 and 408 of the gore pieces. Where this alignment of fibers is not in parallel, it is preferred that the angular orientation alignment of the gore piece fibers, e.g., fibers 406 and 408, relative to axis 105 is at least sixty percent of the angle θ.

[0063] Placement of the gore pieces upon the pressure vessel may be done by hand, or a conventional bulk axis fiber placement machine, e.g., a machine having an ability to move among five axes of orientation, may be used to place the gore pieces.

[0064] The specific shape of the vessel to which the invention may pertain is not necessarily limited to those shown in the drawings and described above. The vessel, for example, may be spherical, such as the illustrative vernier motor 1000 shown in FIG. 10. Motor 1000 includes a doubly curved outer spherical surface 1002 including a top hemispherical pressure reinforcement dome 1004 and a bottom dome 1006 coupled with an exit cone reinforcing structure 1008. Each of the domes 104 and 1006 is formed of a plurality of assembled gore pieces, e.g., gore pieces 1010 and 1012 in the manner described above, however, the corresponding end portions either abut or, more preferably, overlap for additional strength in the region of line 1016.

[0065]FIG. 5 depicts a dual tapering gore piece 500 that can be used on a spherical vessel 1000 in place of the combined pieces 1010 and 1012. The use of gore piece 500 eliminates line 1018 and provides additional strength.

[0066] Additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. For example, the gore bodies shown as domes 106, 112, 1004, and 1006 may be covered with successive layers of fiber or tow, such as the fibers 136 that constitute outer layer 103 as shown in FIG. 1. Alternatively, the gore bodies 106, 112, 300, 1004, and 1006 may be constructed on a separate support or mandrel and removed, perhaps in a frozen state, for subsequent thawing and tackified placement upon a pressure vessel 102. Furthermore, the gore pieces need not necessarily be impregnated with a resin prior to assembly on the pressure vessel because it is also possible to use tackified strips containing an adhesive, e.g., the FIBERITE materials that can be purchased from CYTECS, that melts upon oven curing of the entire pressure vessel, thus, integrally forming the gore body with the pressure vessel.

[0067] Therefore, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details, representative devices and methods, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departing from the spirit or scope of the general inventive concept as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A vessel comprising: a vessel body having a doubly curved surface, the vessel body being disposed about a vessel body axis; and a reinforcing structure disposed at the doubly curved surface of the vessel body about the vessel body axis, the reinforcing structure comprising a plurality of gore pieces disposed on the vessel body at the doubly curved surface to form a gore body, each of the gore pieces comprising a composite sheet having a shape that conforms to the doubly curved surface, the gore pieces being disposed on the doubly curved surface in overlapping relation.
 2. A vessel as set forth in claim 1, wherein each of the gore pieces comprises a fiber pre-preg composite material.
 3. A vessel as set forth in claim 1, wherein each of the gore pieces comprises a bonding material to bond the gore pieces to one another.
 4. A vessel as set forth in claim 1, wherein the bonding material comprises a resin.
 5. A vessel as set forth in claim 1, wherein each of the gore pieces has a gore piece longitudinal dimension and comprising fibers oriented in a plus/minus configuration relative to the gore piece longitudinal dimension.
 6. A vessel as set forth in claim 1, wherein the fibers in the plus/minus configuration of each of the gore pieces are oriented at a fiber angle of between about 30 degrees and 60 degrees with respect to the gore piece longitudinal axis.
 7. A vessel as set forth in claim 1, wherein the fiber angle is about 45 degrees.
 8. A vessel as set forth in claim 1, wherein each of the gore pieces has a shape that comprises a substantially triangular section.
 9. A vessel as set forth in claim 1, wherein each of the gore pieces has a shape that comprises a substantially rhombic section.
 10. A vessel as set forth in claim 1, wherein: the gore body comprises a first layer of gore pieces substantially abutting one another around the doubly curved surface, and a second layer of gore pieces disposed over the first layer of gore-pieces and around the doubly curved surface so that each of the second layer gore pieces overlaps at least two of the first layer gore pieces.
 11. A vessel as set forth in claim 10, wherein: each of the gore pieces includes a meridional edge; and each of the first layer gore pieces abuts an adjacent one of the first layer gore pieces at the meridional edges.
 12. A vessel as recited in claim 10, wherein each of the second layer gore pieces overlaps the at least two first layer gore pieces by about 40 to 60 percent.
 13. A vessel as set forth in claim 10, wherein each of the second layer gore pieces overlaps the at least two first layer gore pieces by about 50 percent.
 14. A vessel as set forth in claim 1, wherein: the gore body comprises a first layer of gore pieces disposed around the doubly curved surface, and sequential ones of the first layer gore pieces overlap one another.
 15. A vessel as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the first layer gore pieces overlaps an adjacent first layer gore piece by about 40 to 60 percent.
 16. A vessel as recited in claim 15, wherein each of the first layer gore pieces overlaps an adjacent one of the first layer gore pieces by about 50 percent.
 17. A vessel as recited in claim 1, wherein the gore body has a substantially uniform thickness.
 18. A vessel as recited in claim 1, wherein: each of the gore pieces has an offset angle with respect to the gore piece longitudinal dimension and the vessel body longitudinal axis; and the offset angle is between about +15 degrees and −15 degrees.
 19. A vessel as set forth in claim 1, wherein: each of the gore pieces has an offset angle with respect to the gore piece longitudinal dimension and the vessel body longitudinal axis; and the offset angle is a maximum of about 20 degrees.
 20. A vessel as set forth in claim 1, wherein each of the gore pieces has an offset angle relative to the axis of symmetry such that a plurality tangents taken at points on the longitudinal axis defines a perpendicular plane relative to the plurality of tangents, the perpendicular plane passing through the gore piece longitudinal dimension and appearing as a line when the perpendicular plane is rotated for viewing as a straight line.
 21. A vessel as set forth in claim 20, wherein the line of alignment deviates no more than about 15 degrees from the axis of symmetry when the line of alignment is viewed from the orientation where the perpendicular plane appears as the straight line.
 22. A vessel as set forth in claim 20, wherein the line of alignment deviates no more than 10 degrees from the axis of symmetry when the line of alignment is viewed from the orientation where the perpendicular plane appears as the straight line.
 23. A vessel as set forth in claim 20, wherein the line of alignment deviates no more than 5 degrees from the axis of symmetry when the line of alignment is viewed from the orientation where the perpendicular plane appears as the straight line.
 24. A vessel as set forth in claim 20, wherein the line of alignment is substantially aligned with the axis of symmetry when the line of alignment is viewed from the orientation where the perpendicular plane appears as the straight line.
 25. A reinforcing structure for a vessel having a vessel body with a doubly curved surface, the vessel body being disposed about a vessel body axis, the reinforcing structure comprising: a plurality of gore pieces shaped to conform to the doubly curved surface of the vessel body about the vessel body longitudinal axis and to form a gore body, and each of the gore pieces comprising a composite sheet.
 26. A reinforcing structure as set forth in claim 25, wherein each of the gore pieces comprises a fiber pre-preg composite material.
 27. A reinforcing structure as set forth in claim 25, wherein each of the gore pieces comprises a bonding material to bond the gore pieces to one another.
 28. A reinforcing structure as set forth in claim 27, wherein the bonding material comprises a resin.
 29. A reinforcing structure as set forth in claim 25, wherein: each of the gore pieces has a gore piece longitudinal dimension; and each of the gore pieces comprises fibers oriented in a plus/minus configuration relative to the gore piece longitudinal dimension.
 30. A reinforcing structure as set forth in claim 29, wherein the fibers in the plus/minus configuration of each of the gore pieces are oriented at a fiber angle of between about 30 degrees and 60 degrees with respect to the gore piece longitudinal axis.
 31. A reinforcing structure as set forth in claim 30, wherein the fiber angle is about 45 degrees.
 32. A reinforcing structure as set forth in claim 25, wherein each of the gore pieces has a shape that comprises a substantially triangular section.
 33. A reinforcing structure as set forth in claim 25, wherein each of the gore pieces has a shape that comprises a substantially rhombic section.
 34. A method for making a reinforcing structure for a vessel having a vessel body with a doubly curved surface, the vessel body being disposed about a vessel body axis, the method comprising: making a plurality of gore pieces for disposition on the vessel body at the doubly curved surface about the vessel body axis to form a gore body, the gore piece disposing step including providing each of the gore pieces as a composite sheet, each of the gore pieces having a gore piece longitudinal dimension and each of the gore pieces comprising fibers oriented in a plus/minus configuration relative to the gore piece longitudinal dimension.
 35. A method as set forth in claim 34, wherein method further includes orienting the fibers in the plus/minus configuration of each of the gore pieces at a fiber angle of between about 30 degrees and 60 degrees with respect to the gore 20 piece longitudinal axis.
 36. A method as set forth in claim 35, wherein the fiber angle is about 45 degrees.
 37. A method as set forth in claim 34, wherein the method further includes providing each of the gore pieces with a shape that comprises a substantially triangular section.
 38. A method as set forth in claim 34, wherein the method further comprises providing each of the gore pieces with a shape that comprises a substantially rhombic section.
 39. A method as set forth in claim 34, wherein the method further includes disposing a bonding material on each of the gore pieces.
 40. A method as set forth in claim 39, wherein the bonding material comprises a resin.
 41. A method for reinforcing a vessel having a vessel body with a doubly curved surface, the vessel body being disposed about a vessel body longitudinal axis, the method comprising: a step of providing a plurality of gore pieces, each of the gore pieces comprising a composite sheet, a step of disposing a plurality of gore pieces on the vessel body at the doubly curved surface about the vessel body longitudinal axis to form a gore body, and including shaping each of the gore pieces to conform to the doubly curved surface, the gore piece disposing step further including disposing the gore pieces on the doubly curved surface in overlapping relation.
 42. A method as set forth in claim 41, wherein the gore piece disposing step includes providing the gore pieces with a bonding material to bond the gore pieces to one another.
 43. A method as set forth in claim 42, wherein the bonding material comprises a resin.
 44. A method as set forth in claim 41, wherein the gore piece disposing step includes providing each of the gore pieces with a gore piece longitudinal dimension and providing each of the gore pieces to comprise fibers oriented in a plus/minus configuration relative to the gore piece longitudinal dimension.
 45. A vessel as set forth in claim 44, wherein gore piece disposing step includes orienting the fibers in the plus/minus configuration of each of the gore pieces at a fiber angle of between about 30 degrees and 60 degrees with respect to the gore piece longitudinal axis.
 46. A method as set forth in claim 45, wherein the fiber angle is about 45 degrees.
 47. A method as set forth in claim 41, wherein the gore piece disposing step includes providing each of the gore pieces with a shape that comprises a substantially triangular section.
 48. A method as set forth in claim 41, wherein the gore piece disposing step includes providing each of the gore pieces with a shape that comprises a substantially rhombic section.
 49. A method as set forth in claim 41, wherein: the gore piece disposing step includes disposing the gore pieces on the doubly curved surface in first and second layers so that the first layer gore pieces substantially abut one another around the doubly curved surface, and the second layer gore pieces are disposed over the first layer gore pieces and around the doubly curved surface so that each of the second layer gore pieces overlaps at least two of the first layer gore pieces.
 50. A method as set forth in claim 49, wherein: each of the gore pieces includes a meridional edge; and the gore piece disposing step includes abutting sequential ones of the first layer gore pieces to one another at the meridional edges.
 51. A method as recited in claim 49, wherein the gore piece disposing step includes disposing each of the respective second layer gore pieces on the at least two first layer gore pieces so that the respective second layer gore pieces overlap the at least two first layer gore pieces by about 40 to 60 percent.
 52. A method as recited in claim 49, wherein the gore piece disposing step includes disposing each of the respective second layer gore pieces on the at least two first layer gore pieces so that the respective second layer gore pieces overlap the at least two first layer gore pieces by about 50 percent.
 53. A method as set forth in claim 41, wherein the gore piece disposing step includes disposing a first layer of the gore pieces around the doubly curved surface, and overlapping adjacent ones of the first layer gore pieces on one another.
 54. A method as recited in claim 41, wherein the overlapping step includes overlapping each of the first layer gore pieces over an adjacent one of the first layer gore pieces by about 40 to 60 percent.
 55. A method as recited in claim 54, wherein the overlapping step includes overlapping each of the first layer gore pieces over an adjacent one of the first layer gore pieces by about 50 percent.
 56. A method as recited in claim 41, wherein the gore piece disposing lo step includes disposing the gore pieces so that the gore body has a substantially uniform thickness.
 57. A method of making a reinforcing structure for use in a pressure vessel having a dome comprising a doubly curved surface, the method comprising: forming a plurality of resin-impregnated bound gore pieces adapted to be assembled in a gore body over the dome, wherein each of the gore pieces presents a longitudinal axis and tapers from a first portion towards a second portion along predetermined lines permitting overlap ranging from forty to sixty percent between adjacent ones of the gore pieces as assembled to form the gore body, and each gore piece is formed of fibers interspersed to provide a plus/minus angle configuration oriented on a line of alignment; and assembling the gore pieces to form the gore body over the dome where the gore body has an axis of symmetry that passes through the dome by placing each of the gore pieces in an orientation relative to the axis of symmetry such that a plurality tangents taken on points of the longitudinal axis of each gore piece defines a perpendicular plane relative to the plurality of tangents and the perpendicular plane passes through the longitudinal axis, and orienting the line of alignment to deviate no more than twenty degrees relative to the axis of symmetry when the line of alignment is viewed from an orientation where the perpendicular plane appears as a straight line.
 58. A method according to claim 57, wherein the step of orienting the line of alignment includes orienting the line of alignment to deviate no more than 15 degrees from the axis of symmetry when the line of alignment is viewed from the orientation where the perpendicular plane appears as the straight line.
 59. A method according to claim 57, wherein the step of orienting the line of alignment includes orienting the line of alignment to deviate no more than 10 degrees from the axis of symmetry when the line of alignment is viewed from the orientation where the perpendicular plane appears as the straight line.
 60. A method according to claim 57, wherein the step of orienting the line of alignment includes orienting the line of alignment to deviate no more than 5 degrees from the axis of symmetry when the line of alignment is viewed from the orientation where the perpendicular plane appears as the straight line.
 61. A method according to claim 57, wherein the step of orienting the line of alignment includes orienting the line of alignment to be substantially aligned with the axis of symmetry when the line of alignment is viewed from the orientation where the perpendicular plane appears as the straight line.
 62. A method according to claim 57, wherein the step of assembling the gore pieces includes overlapping respective gore pieces occurs by butting first and second adjacent gore pieces together at their meridional edges followed by placing a third gore piece over the meridional edges to provide the overlap ranging from forty to sixty percent between the third gore piece and the first and second gore pieces respectively.
 63. A method according to claim 57, wherein the step of assembling the gore pieces includes overlapping adjacent gore pieces individually with one another in a sequence where a first gore piece occupies a first level, a second gore piece has a second piece overlapping portion occupying a second level atop the first gore piece and a second piece non-overlapping portion occupying the first level adjacent the first gore piece, and a third gore piece has a third piece overlapping portion occupying the second level atop the second piece non-overlapping portion and a third piece non-overlapping portion occupying the first level adjacent the second gore piece.
 64. A method according to claim 57, wherein: the step of forming the gore pieces further includes forming a plurality of additional segments tapering from the first portion towards a third portion; and the step of assembling the gore pieces includes assembling the additional segments over a second dome end to form a second gore body over the second dome end.
 65. A method according to claim 64, wherein the step of forming the gore pieces includes integrally forming each gore piece with one of the additional segments.
 66. A method according to claim 64, wherein the step of forming the gore pieces includes forming each gore piece separately from the additional segments.
 67. A method according to claim 57, wherein the step of assembling the gore pieces includes providing a polar opening formed through the dome end and the gore body. 